,MokUlM MssaVy ds;j

eYVh Lis';fyVh MsaVy ,.M vksjy fDyfud

}kjk

 fof'k"V losZ{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku ds ifj.kke tufgr esa tkjh 

eqLdqjkrk gqvk psgjk ,d ubZ igpku nsrk gS] bl eqLdqjkgV dks cuk;s j[kus esa euq"; ds 'kjhj dk gj vax lekfgr gksrk gSA nk¡r gekjs psgjs dh lqanjrk dks cuk;s j[krs gSa ;k ;w¡ dgs fd lqanjrk dks iwjk djrs gSa rks 'kk;n xyr u gksxk vFkkZr nk¡r gekjh u dsoy 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld cfYd lkekftd thou dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSa D;ksafd 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fodkl gsrq gesa vPNk Hkkstu djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj nk¡r ml Hkkstu dks vPNh rjg pckus ds fy;s vko';d gS ftlls dh og Hkkstu vklkuh ls ip lds vkSj gesa ranq:Lrh ,oa lqanjrk iznku dj ldsA vPNs vkSj lqanj nk¡r gesa vPNk fn[kus vkSj vPNk eglwl djus esa Hkh ennxkj gksrs gSa ;fn vki nk¡rksa dh mis{kk djsaxs rks os chekjh vkSj fQj xaHkhj chekjh dh otg cusaxsA vLoLFk nk¡r gekjh lk¡l ,oa eqLdku dks Hkh xank djsaxs vkSj bl otg ls dbZ rjg dh LokLF; leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS ftlds ewy dkj.k esa u tkdj O;fDr mu leL;kvksa dk bykt djokrk gS ftlls mu leL;vksa ls iw.kZ :i ls NqVdkjk ugha feyrk gSA

              vkerkSj ij djhc 70&80 izfr'kr yksxksa dks nk¡r ,oa eq¡g ls lacaf/kr ijs'kkuh gksrh gS ftls utjvankt fd;k tkrk gS tks fd Hkfo"; esa xaHkhj chekjh esa ifjofrZr gksdj ijs'kkuh dk dkj.k curh gSA blfy;s vko';d gS fd nk¡r ,oa elwM+ksa dh ns[kHkky ij iwjk /;ku fn;k tk;s ,oa bUgsa chekjh ls xzflr gksus ls cpk;k tk;saA ge vkidks dqN vkSj tkudkjh nsa &

1-     lkekU; efgykvksa ,oa iq:"kksa dh leL;k & tSlk dh vkerkSj ij ns[kk x;k gS fd yksx nk¡r ,oa elwM+ksa ds jksxksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ysrs gSa] mUgsa yxrk gS fd  'kjhj ds nwljs vaxksa dh chekjh dk bykt T;knk t:jh gS ysfdu ,slk ugha gS D;ksafd ge tks Hkh [kkuk [kkrs gS mldh iryh ijr gekjs nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa dh lrg ij Hkh tek gks tkrh gS tks fd cz'k djus ij vklkuh ls fudy tkrh gS ysfdu nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa ds chp tek gq, Hkkstu ds dqN d.k lkQ ugha gks ikrs gS ftldh otg ls elwM+ksa ds vklikl cSDVhfj;k ¼dhVk.kq½ iuius yxrs gS ,oa nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa ds chp esa tscuqek txg cuus yxrh gS ftls isfj;ksMksUVy ikWdsV dgrs gSa ftlesa Hkkstu ds d.k T;knk vklkuh ls tek gksus yxrs gSa ftl dkj.k cSDVhfj;k dh Hkh o`f) fujUrj c<+rh gS tks fd ik;fj;k uke dh chekjh dks fujUrj c<+krs gS ftlds dkj.k eqa¡g ls nqxZa/k ¼cncw½ vkuk] cz'k djrs le; elwM+ksa ls [kwu vkuk] elwM+ksa dk Qwyuk] elwM+ksa esa ls eokn vkuk] eqa¡g esa dM+okiu yxuk] fdlh pht dk Lokn ugha vkuk] nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa ds vklikl xanxh tek gksuk tSls dqN y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] bl dkj.k elwM+s viuh lrg NksM+ nsrs gS ,oa tcM+s dh gìh ftlesa nk¡rksa dh tM+ jgrh gS og xyus yxrh gS ftlds dkj.k nk¡r <hys gksdj fgyus yxrs gS ,oa dqN le; esa nk¡r fxj Hkh tkrs gSA ftl O;fDr dks ;s y{k.k gksrs gSa oks O;fDr viuk vkRefo'okl Hkh [kks nsrk gSA

              mijksDr y{k.k dk dbZ ckj bykt djkus ds ckotwn leL;k dk iw.kZ lek/kku ugha gksrk gS ;k tc rd bykt pyrk gS rc rd gh vkjke jgrk gSA tcfd bl leL;k dk iw.kZ funku gekjs ikl miyC/k gS ftlds }kjk vki iqu% [kks;k gqvk vkRefo'okl ,oa eqLdku ik ldrs gaSA

2-     uo;qxyksa ds fy;s  vf/kdka'kr% uo;qxyksa esa chekfj;ka eq¡g ,oa nk¡r ds jksx ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS ,oa vU; chekfj;ka ,oa ijs'kkuh dh otg curh gSA ftldh otg ls dbZ uo;qxy viuh lkekU; 'kknh'kqnk thou izfØ;k Hkh Bhd ls izkjEHk ugha dj ikrs gS ;k vkjafHkd voLFkk esa gh dbZ izdkj dh ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] ekufld ,oa uhft ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ftlesa vf/kdka'k ijs'kkuh efgykvksa dks gksrh gS ftlesa izeq[k gS xHkZ/kkj.k djus esa leL;k ;k nsjh gksuk ,oa dbZ ckj xHkZ/kkj.k gksus ds ckotwn dqN gh eghuksa i'pkr xHkZikr ;k Miscarriage gks tkuk] le; ls iwoZ izlo gksukA

              bu lHkh ijs'kkuh dh otg oks cSDVhfj;k gksrs gS tks eq¡g ,oa nk¡r dh chekjh ds lkFk&lkFk mijksDr leL;k dks Hkh mRiUu djrs gS ftldk iw.kZ :i ls 'kknh ds igys ;k xHkZ/kkj.k ds igys mfpr mipkj fd;k tk;s rks mijksDr leL;k ls iw.kZr;k cpko laHko gSA

3-     /kweziku] iku elkyk ,oa rEckdw lsou djus okyksa ds fy;s & tks O;fDr rEckdw] iku elkyk ;k /kweziku dk lsou djrs gS mUgsa fo'ks"k rkSj ij 'kknh ds iwoZ vius nk¡r ,oa elwM+ksa dh tkap djokdj tks Hkh t:jh mipkj gks mls vxj fd;k tk;s rks vki vius ,oa vius thoulkFkh dks dbZ izdkj dh ijs'kkuh ls nwj j[k ldrs gSaA

4-     fo'ks"kdj 40$ efgykvksa ds fy;s & efgykvksa esa fo'ks"kdj 40&45 o"kZ dh mez esa eq¡g ,oa nk¡r dh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS ftudk iw.kZ :i ls lgh bykt ugha gksus ij nk¡r fgyus yxrs gS] dbZ ckj nk¡r vius vki fudy tkrs gS vkSj O;fDr u;s nk¡r yxokus ds pDdj esa bl chekjh dks utjvankt dj nsrk gS ftldh otg ls nk¡r fudys gSA vr% mfpr ekxZn'kZu ,oa bykt t:jh gSA

5-     ân;jksx] Mk;chfVt ,oa vU; chekjh ls lacaf/kr ejhtksa ds fy;s & dqN 'kks/kksa ls irk pyk gS fd ik;fj;k chekjh ls xzflr elwM+ksa ,oa nk¡rksa esa mRiUu cSDVhfj;k ân;jksx] Mk;chfVt] 'olu ra= ,oa xHkZ/kkj.k lacaf/kr leL;kvksa dk dkj.k gksrs gSaA ik;fj;k ls xzflr elwM+ksa esa mRiUu cSDVhfj;k ân; dh /kefu;ksa dh lrg dks [kqjnqjk cuk nsrs gSa ftl dkj.k ogk¡ olk ¼fat½ tek gksus yxrh gS tks varr% fny ds nkSjs ¼Heart Attack½ ds :i esa ifjf.kr gksrh gSA ftl ejht ds elwM+s ik;fj;k ls xzflr gks vkSj mudh thou'kSyh esa ân;jksx ds fy;s ftEesnkj dkjd rRo Hkh lkFk ekStwn gks rks mUgsa fny ds nkSjs dk xaHkhj [krjk gks tkrk gSA ;s cSDVhfj;k igys ls ekStwn FkDdksa ij tkdj cSB tkrs gS tks leL;k dks vkSj Hkh xaHkhj cuk nsrs gSaA blh izdkj Mk;chfVt ds ejhtksa esa Hkh lko/kku jgus dh vko';drk gksrh gS vU;Fkk bu chekfj;ksa esa dbZ izdkj dh tfVyrk,sa mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj dbZ izdkj dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dh otg curh gSA

6-     Vs<s&es<s nk¡rksa dh leL;k ds fy;s & Vs<s&es<+s nk¡r vkids psgjs dh [kwclwjrh dks de dj nsrs gSA vkt ds nkSj esa gj O;fDr viuh personality dks ysdj dkQh ltx jgrk gSA vr% vki fdlh Hkh mez esa vFkkZr ckY;koLFkk ls izkS<+ voLFkk ¼o;Ld voLFkk½ rd vius Vs<s&es<+s nk¡rksa dks mipkj djokdj viuh personality dks vkSj Hkh vkd"kZd cuk ldrs gSaA

7-     ukStoku ;qod ,oa ;qorh ds fy;s & uo;qod] ;qofr;ka vkt ds nkSj esa eq¡gkls] ;kfu pimple dh leL;k ls djhc 70 izfr'kr ukStoku ;qod ,oa ;qofr;ka xzflr gksrs gSa vkSj mldk bykt Hkh djokrs gSaA ijUrq dbZ ckj bykt pyrs jgus ij dh eq¡gkls esa jksdFkke gks tkrh gS ,oa bykt can djus ds i'pkr rqjar eq¡gkls gksus yxrs gSaA ftldh eq[; otgksa esa ls ,d nk¡rksa esa lM+u ;k elwM+ksa dh chekjh dk gksuk vFkkZr eq¡gkls ds bykt ds lkFk&lkFk vius nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa dh tkap djokdj tks Hkh t:jh mipkj gS mls djokdj vki vius pimple ls Hkh NqVdkjk ik ldrs gSaA

8-     ilZukfyVh MsoyiesaV ,oa dkLesfVd VªhVesaV & vkidh personality dks vkSj T;knk lqanj ,oa vkd"kZd cukus gsrq gekjs ikl dbZ izdkj ds fo'ks"k dkLesfVd VªhVesaV miyC/k gS tSls fd &

       •        Mouth Manicure                      •        Smile Designing

          •        Dental Bleaching                     •        Teeth Whitening

          •        Teeth Jewellary                       •        Teeth Polishing

          •        Dental Laminates                    •        Crown & Bridg

          •        Non-surgical gum treatment    •        Dental implant

          •        Pre orthodontic treatment

9-     mez ,oa nk¡r & nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa dh chekjh dk mez ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksrk gS vxj O;fDr pkgs rks lkjh mez vius nk¡rksa dks LoLFk j[kdj mudk bLrseky lgh rjg ls dj ldrk gS vkSj vU; leL;kvksa dks Hkh jksd ldrk gSA

10-    ekewyh leL;k,¡ & vkerkSj ij nk¡r ,oa elwM+ksa dh ekewyh leL;k dks Hkh utjvankt fd;k tkrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i nk¡rksa esa dHkh Hkh vlguh; nnZ mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj rc rd nk¡r dkQh lM+ pqdk gksrk gS dbZ yksx mfpr ijke'kZ ,oa bykt ds vHkko esa nk¡r fudyok nsrs gS ijUrq vkt gekjs ikl oks rduhd o ek/;e miyC/k gS ftuds }kjk xaHkhj :i ls lM+s gq, nk¡rksa dks Hkh cpkdj u;s nk¡r dh rjg cuk fn;k tkrk gSA

11-    NksVs cPps ,oa nk¡r laca/kh leL;k & ftl izdkj dh thou'kSyh ge vkSj gekjs cPps th jgs gS ml dkj.k ls cPpksa esa vkerkSj ij nk¡r ls lacaf/kr leL;k,sa 3&4 o"kZ dh mez ds igys ls gh gksus yxrh gSA tcfd cPpksa dks u;s nk¡r 6 o"kZ ls 14 o"kZ dh mez esa vkrs gSaA dbZ ckj ekrk firk mfpr ijke'kZ ds vHkko esa cPpksa ds nk¡r fudyok nsrs gS tcfd oks lgh ugha gS D;ksafd tks nk¡r fudkyk x;k gS mldh txg u;s nk¡r dks Hkjuk gS tcfd nk¡r fudky fn;k tkrk gS rks oks txg vklikl ds nk¡rksa }kjk Hkj tkrh gS ftl otg ls u;s nk¡r dks mldh lgh txg ugha fey ikrh gS ,oa nk¡r Vs<+s&es<+s vkuk 'kq: gks tkrs gSaA blh izdkj Vs<+s&es<+s nk¡r vkus dh ,d eq[; otg gS vkt ds le; esa [kkuiku ds rjhdksa esa cnyko] ftl dkj.k dbZ ckj nw/k ds nk¡r lgh le; ij ugha fxjrs gS ,oa u;s nk¡r vkuk 'kq: gks tkrs gS] bl dkj.k Hkh nk¡r Vs<s&es<+s vkrs gSaA vr% bl izdkj dh leL;k ls xzflr cPpksa dk mfpr ijke'kZ ds lkFk bykt djokdj vki vius cPps ds Hkfo"; esa gksus okys T;knk [kphZys bykt ls Hkh cp ldrs gSa vkSj blds bl otg ls lkFk gh cPps ds eq¡g] gksB] nk¡r] elwM+s ,oa psgjs dk fodkl lgh rjhds ls gks ldsxkA

              vdlj ejhtksas dks ;g f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd nk¡rksa ,oa elwM+ksa dk bykt egaxk gksrk gS tcfd ,slk ugha gSA ges'kk lky esa nks ckj nk¡r ,oa elwM+ksa dh tkap djokuk Qk;nsean gksrk gS ftlls fd mijksDr lHkh leL;kvksa dk funku izkjafHkd voLFkk esa gh mfpr bykt ;ksX; MkWDVj ls djokuk Qk;nsean gksrk gS tks fd leL;k dks xaHkhj gksus ls jksd nsrk gSA nk¡r ,oa eq¡g dh chekjh ftl j¶rkj ls c<+ jgh gS og ,d fpark dk fo"k; gS vkSj mlds fy;s ge vkSj gekjh thou'kSyh nksuksa gh ftEesnkj gSA ;fn vki nk¡r ,oa eqa¡g dh chekjh ls xzflr gS rks vkidks fpark djus dh drbZ vko';drk ugha gSA ;fn vko';drk gS rks chekjh dks Bhd ls le>kus dh vkSj mls jksdus dh] mldk iw.kZ bykt ;ksX; ,oa vuqHkoh nar fpfdRld ls djokdjA

              ^^le; ls igys tkxuk T;knk Js;Ldj lkfcr gksrk gS u fd ckn esa** blfy;s tkx:d cfu;s vkSj viuh o vius thou dh [kwclwjrh dks cukdj jf[k;saA

Human teeth are the teeth (small, calcified, hard, whitish structures) found in the oral cavity. They function in mechanically breaking down items of food by cutting and crushing them in preparation for swallowing and digestion. The roots of teeth are embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw) or the mandible (lower jaw) and are covered by gums. Teeth are made of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness.

Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of mammal species. Humans, like other mammals, are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. The first set (also called the "baby", "milk", "primary", and "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal teeth. Normal tooth eruption at about six months is known as teething and can be painful.

Primary teeth

Among deciduous (primary) teeth, ten are found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and ten in the mandible (lower jaw), for a total of 20. 

In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors – centrals and laterals, and two types of molars – first and second. All primary teeth are normally later replaced with their permanent counterparts.

Permanent teeth

Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible, for a total 32.

The maxillary teeth are the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar,maxillary second molar, and maxillary third molar. The mandibular teeth are the mandibular central incisor, mandibular lateral incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular first premolar, mandibular second premolar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar. Third molars are commonly called "wisdom teeth" and may never erupt into the mouth or form at all. If any additional teeth form, for example, fourth and fifth molars, which are rare, they are referred to as supernumerary teeth (hyperdontia).^[6] Development of fewer than the usual number of teeth is called hypodontia.